eBlue, Sacra Blue Online Magazine
     Number 201 - April 1999
eBlue site map, home, help
Phil Wall
Capitol Report
Phil Wall




Contact Capitol Reporter Phil Wall at 916-961-8789 or by e-mail at philwall@cwnet.com.
Educational Reform, Computers, and Character

As a backdrop to my comments in this piece, I want to indicate that much of my education was obtained in California public schools. A long time ago I attended a Southern California high school named Northview in Covina. During my senior year one of the mandatory classes was Government. I recollect it was then named civics. At the beginning of one of my major exams in this course, which was open book and open note, I noticed that all of the questions were such that they could be answered in full by regurgitating what I had written in my class lecture notes. So I approached my teacher, noted this fact, and asked if I could save myself needless time and energy by cutting and pasting my lecture notes to the germane questions on the exam. Even though his reaction was one of surprise and even amusement, he said that would be fine.
    The point here is not the content of what I wrote in my class notes; rather, it is that by then I developed study habits that allowed me to engage in this course of action. This was in stark contrast even at that time to students that took delight in getting a grade of "C" or higher, even though they did nothing to prepare for a test. In fact, to these people, getting average or better grades without studying was a mark of real intelligence and a status symbol of success. Since I did not deem myself a "brain," I decided that if I wanted to go to college and do well there, I had better develop good study habits. As a result, I probably qualified as a "real square." The only thing that possibly saved me from social excommunication by my peers was that I was a fairly good athlete.
    The next year I began my undergraduate education as a full-time college student at a very ordinary California college named California State Polytechnic College, Pomona. In those days one had to actually be in the top 10 to 15 percent of one's high school graduating class to attend such a school. While students such as myself were probably considered of normal intelligence, we certainly were not deemed the best or brightest. The latter were off to the University of California or some other prestigious private university. Yet even some of these people, if they went to a few too many parties at their new high-powered schools, wound up back at the local junior college (yes, in those days junior colleges were actually called junior colleges) for at least one or two semesters. This way they could develop the requisite study skills before making another leap into the collegiate big leagues.
    On my very first day, in fact the very first class session, at Cal Poly, Pomona, I had an indelible experience. This class was the five-unit History of Western Civilization course. (Most other classes were only three units.) The professor was Dr. Joseph Boton Blazack. The very first thing he did was to tell us students that, "You are all ignorant." He then added that he was ignorant too, but that he was a little less ignorant than us, and this is why he was the teacher and we were the students. My initial reaction was mild indignation. I thought that even if I wasn't at someplace like UC Berkeley, I still was in the top 15 percent of my high school graduating class, and so too were my fellow students. Hence, how could this person legitimately call me and my fellow students "ignorant"?
    The answer to my query was not long in arriving. On that first day Dr. Blazack told us the first week's assignment was to read all of Edith Hamilton's Greek Mythology, and we would be tested on it on Friday. My initial reaction was, "I'm supposed to read this entire book and be tested concerning anything in it within only five days. That's incredible! I'm not able to do this!" Still, I decided to accept the challenge to stay in this class. During the fall quarter those of us that persevered in Professor Blazack's Western Civ class were assigned to read 5 or 6 paperback books, and a seemingly giant 1,000-page-plus formal History of Western Civilization textbook. Aside from Greek Mythology, I remember that one of the other paperback books we were assigned to read, and all of it, was Plato's Republic.
    By the end of the quarter, before the final exam in Western Civ, I did well on the quizzes pertaining to the reading material, but I had managed somehow to earn the first D+ of my life on a midterm exam. Dr. Blazack informed us that the final exam would consist of one essay question. It would be neither an open book nor an open note exam--and in those days final exams were three hours long. Lest we students think him uncaring about our final exam plight, Dr. Blazack informed us that just before and during the final exam, he would bring a bottle of aspirin to class. He said he was aware of the fact that, because of our youth and our interest in non-academic pursuits, we were not used to thinking. Since the necessity of learning how to think might well cause us to have a headache, he thought it appropriate to bring aspirin for those of us that developed such a malady.
    To prepare for the final exam, I got together with four or five other students. We decided to lock ourselves away in a room for three or four days and construct an outline of the course. Collectively we made about 25-page typed document. After we did this, each of us tried to memorize, as best as possible, the most salient aspects of this study guide. The day of the final arrived, and despite what I had done to prepare for the exam, I still felt woefully unprepared. The final exam question, which I'll remember my entire life, was "If Socrates had been a Hebrew, how would he have reacted to his trial?"
    My initial reaction was one of astonishment and consternation. I sat in silence for at least fifteen minutes wondering if I should be in college. Then I said to myself, "Well, I really don't have any idea how to answer this question but I did learn things in this class. So I'll at least write something to let Dr.Blazack know that I did acquire some information and actually studied for this exam." Somehow I earned a B+ on that final exam and, based upon my good quiz grades, I earned a "B" in the class.
    Though I resented being told at the outset of this class, on the very first day of my undergraduate years in college, that I was ignorant, I came to the conclusion by the end of only my first quarter at Cal Poly, Pomona, that I was very ignorant. Dr. Blazack, as it turned out, was more than right in informing us kids that we were ignorant. He was also a fine teacher. As a result of being assigned sophisticated material to read and grapple with, in addition to attending religiously Dr. Blazack's intellectually stimulating History of Western Civilization lectures, I probably began to learn how to think. I also realized that thinking is a difficult, arduous, taxing, and intrinsically rewarding process. All of this began, for me, at a California public college (in those days colleges were actually named what they were but now many places named "universities" are not really even colleges) that was viewed by many people as that "cow college" in Pomona.
    I reflect periodically upon the irony and luck of my having encountered educational elitism at what was considered then just a "cow college." This has always been more than okay with me, but I lament that within the last 15 years or so, professors such as Dr. Blazack would have been decimated by student evaluations, along with the ideology and cult of "sensitivity." In this era it is difficult to imagine most students not protesting to administrators about being told candidly of their ignorance by a university professor--especially if this information were to be followed with a rigorous and demanding course of study. Moreover, if such a professor did not have tenure, she or he would probably never get it, and maybe even be destroyed professionally by the "sensitive" administrators and the "sensitive" professors.

    This leads me to comment on current efforts by our new Governor and the Legislature to reform California public education. Governor Davis's legislative effort to reform public education consists of four major items of legislation, two introduced in the Assembly and two introduced in the Senate. The first bill is SB 1X, which is being designed to create a method of rating the academic performance of all schools in the state. To accomplish this something called an Academic Performance Index is being devised. The Davis administration wants to use this index to reward and punish schools, and school districts, based on their academic performance. The other piece of reform legislation in the Senate is SB 2X. It mandates that a statewide academic performance exam will be administered to all high school seniors throughout California.
    In the Assembly, the first piece of educational reform legislation is AB 1X, which is basically a bill that aims to create a teacher evaluation system throughout California schools. Although teacher's unions want this evaluation system to be voluntary, the Governor is adamant that school districts should be penalized financially if they refuse to institute this evaluation system. The second piece of Assembly legislation in this vein is AB 2X. It will allocate millions of dollars to improve the teaching of reading and thereby enhance the reading performance of students. This bill also has a provision allocating $4 million for a public awareness reading campaign. Somewhat surprisingly, Democratic State Senator Tom Hayden objected to money being spent on this so-called public awareness campaign. In fact, he declared that, "There's going to be a disaster when we find that there's no significant improvement after four years." In addition, the cost of these programs will be a significant political issue. By the time these four bills pass the legislature, within the next month or so, the cost of these new programs will probably exceed well over $500 million.
    Because I proffered my views about the dubious effectiveness of all this proposed legislation several months ago in this column, I want to explore the pedagogical ideas of Seymour A. Papert as foil regarding this governmental effort directed at educational improvement of our public schools. Papert is a professor of mathematics at MIT who has done a great deal of work concerning artificial intelligence and the use of computers in educating children. In an anthology entitled The Computer Age: The Twenty-Year View, he wrote a piece entitled "Computers and Learning." Here Papert calls not merely for the use of computers in education, but claims that the use of computers in schools will do little good if the latter remains wedded to the status quo. At the outset of this article Papert says, "We think of computers as helping schools in their task of teaching an existing curriculum in classrooms instead of confronting the fact that the computer puts the very idea of school into question [my italics]. The invasion of computer technology into education is inevitable. By operating with a limited and deformed vision we are increasing the ultimate cost of correcting the mistakes we are now making."
    Papert criticizes the use of a mechanical educational epistemology in schools that emphasizes mainly drill and practice. In this vein he notes, for example, that BASIC was popular because of its simplistic and mechanical epistemology. He proposed an alternative language called LOGO, which exemplified "an epistemology [in which] true and false is shattered or rather recast as part of a broader epistemology with the pragmatic dimension of knowing how to make things work." He concludes this article with the following observation: "The next few years will see an explosion in the numbers of privately owned computers...they are about to cross a power threshold that will support the LOGO-like use of them. When this happens, there will be for the first time a viable alternative to schools [my italics] and the possibility that education will once again become a private act. What I envision is private in many more senses that a return to an eighteenth century tutor and pupil model. The tutor served an aristocracy...the computer has the potential of serving everybody...although the sinister possibility exists that only an elite will appropriate the new computers, this need not happen; I hope it will not. But is a plausible, even very likely scenario that over the coming decade a significant number of families will come to see the private computer as a viable alternative to public school, less expensive, and more effective than private school."
    Meanwhile, Governor Davis, in defending his need to possess and use a "hammer" (the threat and power of depriving school districts of funds) to get school districts to engage in peer evaluations of teachers by other teachers, said that "nobody wants to change themselves; they want somebody else to change. We are breaking ground here." If this is so, then the Governor's proposed educational reforms constitute an expensive policy project that use negative and positive reinforcements to force teachers to supposedly teach better, and students to somehow want to read more and better, but basically within the framework of the institutional status quo. The glue that holds the educational-bureaucratic system together to achieve educational reform will be, to a great extent, external discipline imposed upon teachers and students.
    This is often a traditional bureaucratic response to organizational and governmental imbroglios, and the coercive (and supposed) solution often exacerbates the problem(s) resulting in unintended consequences. Assuming this is an accurate evaluation of the Governor's and Legislature's attempts at educational reform and improvement, Peter Schrag observed perceptively, in his recent March 3 Sacramento Bee article entitled, "The governor's little engine that blows smoke," this could result in actually being a boon for the school voucher movement--an alternative anathema to Governor Davis's core political constituency. That is, the Governor might be "breaking new ground" for the school voucher movement, which is clearly not his intention.
    A fundamental issue, hardly ever mentioned or acknowledged, underlies the policy debate about government efforts at educational reform. There is a crucial difference between the imposition of discipline and coercion, as opposed to the development of self-discipline, as the means to facilitate the emergence of those character traits that are necessary to engage in hours and hours of arduous study. This is so within the framework of the traditional educational system; furthermore, this is even more the case in the computer infused educational environments envisioned by Papert in that article published, incidentally, over twenty years ago in 1979. Probably the most perceptive statement about this matter was made by Barrington Moore Jr. in his book Reflections on the Causes of Human Misery and Upon Some Proposals to Eliminate Them more than 25 years ago. Moore wrote the following:
    "Intellectual qualities of course are not merely a matter of individual endowment. They are also a product of the entire social and cultural environment in which a young person has grown up. Or perhaps more accurately the stultification of these qualities in a way that does tragically permanent damage to the individual comes about from growing up in certain types of environments--not all of them, incidentally lower-class and Afro-American...Remedial programs to enable youngsters to overcome handicaps due to background are likely to work in only a limited number of cases where motivation remains high and basic aptitudes have not been destroyed. For the young person who has been unable to learn what self-discipline [my italics] means because self-discipline [my italics] makes no sense in such a life, such programs come too late to make a difference. This is just as true of the spoiled rich brat as the slum child."
    To my knowledge, the only legislator in this matter to echo Moore's view in some fashion was Senator John Vasconcellos, when he declared, "What's woefully missing ino all four bills is [recognition] that kids come to school different--some have no English, some have no parents...We're acting like they're all coming to school equally." But Moore is merely an astute scholarly observer of the human condition, while Senator Vasconcellos is not the Governor.

Number 201 - April 1999